DREB transcription factors are one of the largest families of transcription factors in plants that are believed to play important regulatory functions in tolerance to environmental stress, but there is no complete information on their role in controlling the MORPHOLOGICAL AND antioxidant properties of grown plants under normal conditions. In this study, some phenotypic CHARACTERISTICS of the dreb2a AND dreb1a mutant arabidopsis were compared to the wild plant under normal growth conditions. Most properties of dreb2a were similiar to those of dreb1a mutant, but significantly different from the wild type. Both mutant lines showed accelerated emergence of radicle AND cotyledons, but delayed appearance of bolting. Lateral branches formed on the flowering bolt in the mutant lines were 25% less, while the flowering axes were 20% more than that in the wild type plants. Both mutant lines displayed higher total number of siliques per plant (about 10%), total number of seeds per plant (about 40%) AND total seed weight per plant (about 13%), while, they had lower seed soluble protein content AND the cruciferin/napin ratio, as compared to the wild type. It is noteworthy that in 14-day seedlings AND leaves of the plant at the stage of reproduction in two mutant lines compared to the wild line, the activity of antioxidant superoxide dismutase AND peroxidase activity was on average 35% AND hydrogen peroxide was on average 70% higher. These data indicated that the change in the expression of the studied genes played a key role in controlling the MORPHOLOGICAL AND antioxidant status of the plants grown under normal conditions, AND studying the cascade stages of the signal transduction managed by DREB family transcription factors can lead to a deeper understANDing of the response mechanism of these plants to various environmental stresses.

The aim of the current research was to identify the CHARACTERISTICS of the four elements in order to provide a problem-oriented curriculum model in the elementary school mathematics course. There were 19 participants AND the sampling was done purposefully. The data collection tools are semi-structured interviews AND questionnaires. The problem-oriented curriculum template was designed using the CHARACTERISTICS of the elements AND with the method of qualitative content analysis in the elementary school mathematics course. The identified features were validated by fuzzy Delphi method AND Shannon's entropy method was used for data processing. Based on the results of the analysis, 7 main categories including the CHARACTERISTICS of goals at three levels of cognitive, attitudinal, skill, content, evaluation, teaching-learning strategy AND 46 sub-categories were identified.                                                                                                                                                                In the fuzzy Delphi section, all features were confirmed by obtaining a de-fuzzified value greater than 0.7. The results of Shannon's entropy determined that the CHARACTERISTICS of starting teaching with a challenging question, creating a suitable educational environment, continuously monitoring the quality of learning strategies AND communicating with students' talents have attracted the most attention AND obtained the highest ranks AND had a higher importance factor than other CHARACTERISTICS

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using portulaca oleracea as a source of plant antioxidants for feeding fattening male lambs, on carcass traits, meat quality, AND oxidative stability. Twenty-one male lambs with an average weight of 24±1.5 kg AND 150±15 days old were fed with one of the experimental rations included a diet without portulaca oleracea as control, a diet containing 7.5%, AND a diet containing 15% portulaca oleracea, for 84 days. The muscle (Longissimus dorsi) samplewas used to determine pH, chemical composition, colorimetric properties, AND oxidative stability of meat. Meat lipid oxidation was determined after 1, 7, AND 30 days of refrigerated storage using thiobarbituric acid (TBARS). The use of portulaca oleracea in diets improved meat color CHARACTERISTICS such as L, chroma, AND Hue. The highest ash concentration AND the lowest meat moisture were observed in the treatment of 15% portulaca oleracea (P<0.05). Meat pH was the lowest in the first hour after slaughter but did not differ at 24 h. Compared to the control, in both treatment groups feeding the lambs with portulaca significantly reduced the concentration of Malondialdehyde in the meat of the lambs AND increased the meat oxidative stability (P<0.05). The results of this experiment showed that feeding portulaca oleracea by improving properties such as color AND increasing the meat oxidative stability improves meat quality, which may have lead to an increase in its nutritional value in terms of human health.

In order to investigate the possibility of quinoa producing in Garmsar, Iran, a factorial experiment conducted in rANDomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 growing season at Garmsar Agricultural Research Station. The factors were planting date at three levels (March 6th, April 1st AND April 6th) AND the three genotypes of quinoa (Q26, Q29 AND Titicaca). Results showed that the effect of planting date was significant for all studied traits except the harvest index. Also, all studied traits were significantly different in all genotypes. Titicaca planted on March 6th had the highest yield (2276 kg.ha-1).The grain yield AND yield components decreased with the delaying the planting date. Compared to early plantings, Latest date, April 6th, led to reduction of all traits, especially grain yield (about 50%). The results of simple phenotypic correlation between the studied traits showed that grain yield per hectare had the highest correlation with plant yield (0.877) AND then with leaf area index (0.832), panicle weight (0.815) AND number of branches per plant (0.745) that was significant at the 1% probability level.

Carum carvi L., an herbaceous plant, one year old, belongs to the Chadian dwarf, has antimicrobial AND fungicidal effects, which is mainly due to the effects of thymol composition. The induction of polyploidy using mutagenic chemicals has been used as one of the methods for modifying medicinal plants to increase the production capacity of secondary metabolites. In order to investigate the effects of polyploidy induction on Shiraz seedlings, a factorial in a completely rANDomized format using Colchicine (0. 2, 0. 5, 0. 75 AND 1 g/l) AND treatment duration (6, 12 AND 18 hours) AND after obtaining the best concentration AND best treatment time, tetraploidy plants AND control plants were studied for MORPHOLOGICAL, physiological AND BIOCHEMICAL traits. The results of analysis of variance showed that tetraploid induction was significant on plant height, stem diameter, flower number, number of lateral branches, root diameter, fresh weight, chlorophyll a AND b, carotenoid, peroxidase, catalase, total protein AND flavonoid. The results of this study showed that 0. 5 g/l concentration AND 6 hours duration is the best treatment for ploidy induction in the plant. The number of chromosomes of the diploid plants was 18 AND in the tetraploid plants was 36 Therefore, it can be argued that colchicine is effective in inducing polyploidy in a plant. In general, the results of this study showed that tetraploidy plants excelled in terms of quantitative traits, especially anthocyanin, peroxidase, catalase, flavonoids AND total protein relative to diploid plants.

As Persian cyclamen quality AND quantity is affected extensively by its nutrition AND environmental factors, AND regarding the importance AND special role of poly amines in plant nutrition, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the external application of spermidine on the quality AND quantity of this Iranian native flower. Therefore an experiment was conducted in two parts. In the first part, cyclamen plants were sprayed with spermidine (0, 5, 10 AND 20 mM) in a completely rANDomized design AND MORPHOLOGICAL AND physiological CHARACTERISTICS were studied. The second part was factorially arranged in a completely rANDomized design AND cyclamen plants were treated with spermidine (0, 5, 10 AND 20 mM) at five different flower development stages to study BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS. Studied MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS were: bud stage days, blooming days, total flowering days, total flowers, leaf area AND number. Studied physiological CHARACTERISTICS were: fresh weight, dry weight, relative water content AND membrane stability index of petals. For BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS superoxide dismutase, catalase beside protein, spermidine AND spermine content were studied. MORPHOLOGICAL results indicate the beneficial effect of external spermidine application on flowering AND vegetative growth of Persian cyclamen. Effective level of spermidine application on flowering CHARACTERISTICS was 10 mM while for vegetative growth it was 20 mM. Besides that, spermidine application increased fresh weight, dry weight, relative water content AND membrane stability index of petals. Free radical scavengers such as SOD AND CAT beside protein content increased during flowering stages 1 to 5. Spermine content showed a similar increasing trend by spermidine application, while spermidine content increased during flowering phase 1-3 AND decreased afterwards.

Introduction The genus Rosa from the family Rosaceae with over 150 species is one of the most important ornamental plants in the world. From a commercial point of view, cut roses play a key role in trade of cut flowers. Nitric oxide regulates key physiological processes that depend on the concentration of this compound such as hypocotyls growth, defensive responses, growth AND development, photosynthesis, AND phytoalexin generation in stressful conditions. Polyamines are key biomolecules that have a role to play in the regulation of many plants’ growth AND development processes AND their responses to different environmental stimuli. This study was performed to investigate the effect of foliar application of sodium nitroprusside (as a NO donor) AND putrescine (as a polyamine) on ‘Avalanche’ rose in hydroponic conditions. Materials AND Methods This study was conducted in the research AND production greenhouses of Urmia University AND the research laboratory of the Department of Horticultural Sciences of the Faculty of Agriculture in 2019-2020 on rose (Rosa hybrida ‘Avalanche). This experiment was conducted as a factorial trial based on completely rANDomized design with two factors including sodium nitroprusside in four concentrations of 0, 50, 100 AND 200 μM AND putrescine in four concentrations of 0, 1, 2 AND 4 mM with 3 replications as a foliar application under hydroponic conditions in greenhouses AND in pots. The treatments were applied two weeks after transplantation, every 15 day-interval for 4 months. In order to investigate the effects of putrescine AND sodium nitroprusside on some MORPHOLOGICAL AND physiological CHARACTERISTICS of plants, two weeks after the end of treatments, sampling was performed to measure MORPHOLOGICAL AND physiological CHARACTERISTICS. The measured indicators included: fresh AND dry weight of flowering stem, chlorophyll a, b AND total chlorophyll, carotenoids AND also in the postharvest stage were guaiacol peroxidase AND ascorbate peroxidase enzymes activity AND bending of flowering stem. The SAS software version 9. 2 was used to analyze the variance AND compare the mean of the studied traits. Comparison of means was performed using the Tukey’s range test method at a probability level of 1 AND 5%. Also, Excel (2016) software was used to draw the graph. Results According to the means comparison of measured parameters, sodium nitroprusside along with putrescine increase the flowering stem fresh AND dry weight, photosynthetic pigments of leaves AND antioxidant enzymes activities at the postharvest stages. Sodium nitroprusside at a concentration of 50 μM with 4 mM putrescine increased the fresh AND dry weight of the flowering stem. Also, the concentration of 100 μM sodium nitroprusside with 4 mM putrescine significantly increased chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll AND carotenoid content compared to control. It should be noted that preharvest application of sodium nitroprusside along with putrescine cause to improve postharvest CHARACTERISTICS of rose. In this research, application of 100 AND 200 μM SNP alone or with different concentrations of putrescine increased guaiacol peroxidase AND ascorbate peroxidase activity AND reduced bending of flowering stem of rose ‘Avalanche’ at the postharvest stage. Probably polyamines (such as putrescine) AND nitric oxide increase photosynthesis potential with increasing photosynthetic pigments AND protecting cell membranes thus increase growth AND flowering traits of plants such as increasing the flowering stem weight of rose in this research. At postharvest stage, senescence of flowers is an inevitable phenomenon that cause to produce free radicles in plants. Free radicles injure the plant membranes lipids AND change the antioxidant enzymes activities. This despite the fact that nitric oxide AND putrescine protect antioxidant enzymes against free radicles as a result can improve vase life of rose. Conclusion Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that putrescine, with SNP, improves growth CHARACTERISTICS as well as increases the postharvest traits AND quality of cut flowers of rose. According to the results, it is observed that among the different concentrations of putrescine, the concentration of 4 mM had the greatest effect on the growth AND physiological parameters of rose while the concentration of 100 AND 200 μM sodium nitroprusside had a greatest effect on physiological CHARACTERISTICS AND postharvest traits of rose. In general, both SNP AND putrescine had a positive AND favorable effects on improving growth AND postharvest indices, but the effective concentration varied depending on the type of parameter.

In order to accelerate the flowering time in four late flowering chrysanthemum cultivars, the effect of different concentrations of gibberellic acid AND day length on flowering time AND some quantitative AND qualitative CHARACTERISTICS, an experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in a completely rANDomized design with three treatments AND four replications. Cultivars included Ariamanesh, Roxana, Dina AND Oran. Gibberellic acid treatment at four levels (0, 75, 150 AND 300 mg/ l) AND foliar application time at two levels (30 AND 45 days after transplanting) were applied. Daytime treatments at three levels included 16 hours of light-8 hours of darkness (control), 12 hours of light-12 hours of darkness AND 8 hours of light-16 hours of darkness. In this experiment, the main AND sub plots were day length AND gibberellic acid, respectively. The studied traits included flowering stem length, flower number, flower diameter, dry weight of flowers AND leaves, content of photosynthetic pigments, peroxidase AND number of days to flowering. The results showed that the highest flower number, diameter AND dry weight of flowers were obtained in the treatment of 300 mg/l gibberellic acid AND 16 hours of darkness. Flowering time was accelerated by 300 mg/l gibberellic acid AND 16 hours in the dark compared to the control for about 21 days. Dina cultivar was also recognized as the best cultivar in response to different levels of gibberellic acid AND reduction in day length, so that the number of days to flowering in this cultivar compared to other cultivars showed a significant decrease.

In this study, 21 pomegranate genotypes were collected from Lorestan province, AND evaluated using MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS. Results of variance analysis showed statistic significant differences between genotypes, except for percent of skin, pH, AND soluble solids traits. The amount of variation in total genotypes, showed the highest coefficient of variation was 50.11, 46.06 AND 32.22% for vitamin C, weight of fruit AND amount of acid, respectively. Principal components analysis showed that four main factors could have denoted 98.91% of the total variation. Distribution of genotypes using Principal components analysis was performed AND plot distribution of genotypes showed that A7 (‘Souze shine Shah Taj Kutah’) genotype had the highest fruit weight, the two main components of the first AND second highest coefficient was positive. Traits such as single berry weight, the total weight of the skin, weight of 10 seeds, leaf length to width ratio, the percentage of skin in the first component (PC1) AND crown length, acidity, leaf AND fruit in the second component (PC2), was grouped respectively. Cluster analysis of genotypes was performed by Ward method AND 21 genotypes in Euclidian distance 5 were classified into six clusters that genotypes collected from a region were located in different clusters. In this study, important factors in genotype grouping were weight AND figure of fruit. These result obtained due to differences between genotypes in each region AND no relation betwen genetic distance with geographical distance was found.